Dominant surface electronic properties of SiO2-passivated Ge surfaces as a function of various annealing treatments
Abstract
The metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS), capacitance vs applied voltage (C-V) measurement technique was used to investigate SiO2-passivated Ge surfaces as a function of high-temperature annealing treatments in H 2, O2, N2, and H2O. Capacitance measurements were made at high frequencies (100 MHz) and/or reduced temperatures (145°, 77°K) to eliminate the capacitive contribution of fast surface states to the ac signal. Since the surface states did equilibrate with the superimposed applied dc voltage, is was possible to determine surface-state type, energy, and densityfrom voltage shifts in the C-V traces. Hydrogen annealing at 600°C or above introduces a high density (>10 13/cm2) of fast acceptor states. These states are located at the center of the Ge energy gap. In addition, hydrogen annealing at 700°-800°C introduces acceptors close to the valence band or fixed negative charge. Most of these hydrogen-induced states are removed by annealing in oxygen or water vapor at 230°-440°C. At the same time the oxygen or water vapor exposure introduces an effective positive charge density of 1-5×1012/cm2. This positive charge is due either to donors lying close to the conduction band edge or to fixed positive charge. The above effects are reversible. © 1968 The American Institute of Physics.