Fill Factor Losses in Cu2ZnSn(SxSe1-x)4 Solar Cells: Insights from Physical and Electrical Characterization of Devices and Exfoliated Films
Abstract
Besides the open circuit voltage (VOC) deficit, fill factor (FF) is the second most significant parameter deficit for earth-abundant kesterite solar cell technology. Here, various pathways for FF loss are discussed, with focus on the series resistance issue and its various contributing factors. Electrical and physical characterizations of the full range of bandgap (Eg = 1.0-1.5 eV) Cu2ZnSn(SxSe1-x)4 (CZTSSe) devices, as well as bare and exfoliated films with various S/(S + Se) ratios, are performed. High intensity Suns-VOC measurement indicates a nonohmic junction developing in high bandgap CZTSSe. Grazing incidence X-ray diffraction, Raman mapping, field emission scanning electron microscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy indicate the formation of Sn(S,Se)2, Mo(S,Se)2, and Zn(S,Se) at the high bandgap CZTSSe/Mo interface, contributing to the increased series resistance (RS) and nonohmic back contact characteristics. This study offers some clues as to why the record-CZTSSe solar cells occur within a bandgap range centered around 1.15 eV and offers some direction for further optimization.