Abstract
Neural networks have become very popular in recent years, because of the astonishing success of deep learning in various domains such as image and speech recognition. In many of these domains, specifc architectures of neural networks, such as convolutional networks, seem to ft the particular structure of the problem domain very well and can therefore perform in an astonishingly effective way. However, the success of neural networks is not universal across all domains. Indeed, for learning problems without any special structure, or in cases where the data are somewhat limited, neural networks are known not to perform well with respect to traditional machine-learning methods such as random forests. In this article, we show that a carefully designed neural network with random forest structure can have better generalization ability. In fact, this architecture is more powerful than random forests, because the back-propagation algorithm reduces to a more powerful and generalized way of constructing a decision tree. Furthermore, the approach is efcient to train and requires a small constant factor of the number of training examples. This efciency allows the training of multiple neural networks to improve the generalization accuracy. Experimental results on real-world benchmark datasets demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed enhancements for classifcation and regression.