Hydrophobicity of transmembrane proteins: Spatially profiling the distribution

Abstract

A hallmark of soluble globular protein tertiary structure is a hydrophobic core and a protein exterior populated predominantly by hydrophilic residues. Recent hydrophobic moment profiling of the spatial distribution of 30 globular proteins of diverse size and structure had revealed features of this distribution that were comparable. Analogous profiling of the hydrophobicity distribution of the α-helical buried bundles of several transmembrane proteins, as the lipid/protein interface is approached from within the bilayer, reveals spatial hydrophobicity profiles that contrast with those obtained for the soluble proteins. The calculations, which enable relative changes of hydrophobicity to be simply identified over the entire spatial extent of the multimer within the lipid bilayer, show the accumulated zero-order moments of the bundles to be mainly inverted with respect to that found for the soluble proteins. This indicates a statistical increase in the average residue hydrophobic content as the lipid bilayer is approached. This result differs from that of a relatively recent calculation and qualitatively agrees with earlier calculations involving lipid exposed and buried residues of the α-helices of transmembrane proteins. Spatial profiling, over the entire spatial extent of the multimer with scaled values of residue hydrophobicity, provides information that is not available from calculations using lipid exposure alone.