Preeti Malakar, Thomas George, et al.
SC 2012
Damascene Cu electroplating for on-chip metallization, which we conceived and developed in the early 1990s, has been central to IBM's Cu chip interconnection technology. We review here the challenges of filling trenches and vias with Cu without creating a void or seam, and the discovery that electrodeposition can be engineered to give filling performance significantly better than that achievable with conformal step coverage. This attribute of superconformal deposition, which we call superfilling, and its relation to plating additives are discussed, and we present a numerical model that represents the shape-change behavior of this system.
Preeti Malakar, Thomas George, et al.
SC 2012
Liqun Chen, Matthias Enzmann, et al.
FC 2005
Nanda Kambhatla
ACL 2004
Kaoutar El Maghraoui, Gokul Kandiraju, et al.
WOSP/SIPEW 2010